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3.3
Art
Description : Sand artis the practice of modelling sand into an artistic form, such as asand brushing,sand sculpture,sandpainting, orsand bottles. Asandcastleis a type of sand sculpture resembling a miniaturebuilding, often acastle, originating in Hawaii, though some reports suggest the art form originated in Japan
The two basic building ingredients,sandandwater, are available in abundance on a sandybeach, so mostsand playtakes place there, or in asandpit. Tidal beaches generally have sand that limits height and structure because of the shape of the sand grains. Good sculpture sand is somewhat dirty, havingsiltandclaythat helps lock the irregular-shaped sand grains together.
Sand castles are typically made by children for fun, but there are also sand-sculpture contests for adults that involve large, complex constructions. The largest sandcastle made in a contest was 18feet tall; the owner, Ronald Malcnujio, a five-foot-high man, had to use several ladders, each the height of the sandcastle. His sculpture consisted of one ton of sand and 10 litres of water to sculpt.
Construction
Sand grains will always stick together unless the sand is reasonably fine. While dry sand is loose, wet sand isadherentif the proper amounts of sand and water are used in the mixture. The reason for this is that water forms little "bridges" between the grains of sand when it is damp due to the forces ofsurface tension.
When the sand dries out or gets wet, the shape of a structure may change, and "landslides" are common. Furthermore, the mixture of fine (mostly sharper) and coarse sand granules is very important to achieve good "sand construction" results. Fine granules that have been rounded by thenaturalinfluences ofseas,riversorfluvials, in turn negatively influence the bonding between the individual granules as they more easily slide past each other. Researchis thus necessary to find the most suitable sand to achieve an optimal, landslide-free construction.
Shovels and buckets are the main construction tools used in creating sand castles and sand sculptures, although some people use only their hands. A simple sand castle can be made by filling a bucket with damp sand, placing it upside-down on the beach, and removing the bucket. For larger constructions, water from the sea to mix with the sand can be brought to the building site with a bucket or other container. Sometimes other materials, such as pieces of wood and plastic are constructed to hold piles of sand in place and in specific shapes - these are calledforms.
Sand sculpting as an art form has become very popular in recent years, especially in coastal beach areas. Hundreds of annual competitions are held all over the world. Techniques[3]can be quite sophisticated, and record-breaking achievements have been noted in theGuinness World Records. Sometimes, contests are staged as advertising or promotional events. Most Sand sculptors come from other disciplines but there are a few that earn their living solely from Sand related activities.
4.0
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Description : An Overview
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is sort of popular among the varsity students. Through his “Mann Ki Baat” Programme, he often interacts with the scholars on relevant topics like exams, studies, and scientific temper. So as to precise gratitude and affection for his or her beloved Prime Minister, students also write letters and emails to him.
Ajay, a student of the Bal Vidya Mandir high school in Parbhani, around 500 km from the capital Mumbai, made a sketch of the prime minister and sent it to him, not expecting that he would receive a reply.
In his letter to PM Modi, Ajay had written about his love for painting, saying painting is his world and a way of expression. He had also expressed his wish to become a responsible citizen and serve the country. Below is the sketch he was sent to PM Modi.
He was certainly a pleasant surprise when he received a letter from PM Modi, during which the PM lauded his “exceptional art talent”.
In his letter, PM Modi admired Ajay’s exceptional art talent and wrote, “the magical art of painting realizes most ethereal dreams on canvas. Your ideas about the country that you have expressed in your letter illustrate the beauty of your thoughts.” PM Modi ending his letter with his blessings and good wishes for the student.
1.5
Art
Description : Canvasis an extremely durableplain-wovenfabricused for makingsails,tents,marquees,backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also popularly used by artists as a painting surface, typically stretched across a wooden frame. It is also used in such fashion objects as handbags, electronic device cases, and shoes.
Modern canvas is usually made ofcottonorlinen, along withpolyvinyl chloride, although historically it was made fromhemp. It differs from other heavy cotton fabrics, such asdenim, in beingplain weaverather thantwill weave. Canvas comes in two basic types: plain andduck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven. The termduckcomes from theDutchword for cloth,doek. In theUnited States, canvas is classified in two ways: by weight (ounces per square yard) and by a graded number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4.
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Description : You might have seen many explicitly created monuments, which commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical, political, technical or architectural importance. But trust me stick with me till the end of this article and you will get every aspect of a monument what you will get nowhere else, after all this is why this monument is the most visited paid monument of the world!
Eiffel Tower at a Glance
If you had a visit you might have a rough idea how big this structure is but people who had a view over photo and video will get a horripilation by getting to know the actual size of the humongous structure. Guess what? Having a square base of 125 metres (410 ft) wide on each side and a height of 324 metres (1063 ft), Eiffel Tower is the tallest structure of Paris. Can you believe on this numbers? The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level’s upper platform is 276m (906 Ft) above the ground-the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift.
Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".
History
Origin
The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Eiffel. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed universally, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.
The new version gained Eiffel’s support, he brought the rights to the patent on the design and exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Society of Ingenious Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasizing the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolize not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industrand Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.
After a lot of Hurdles finally on 12 May 1886, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.
Construction
Foundation work started on 28th January 1887. For east and south legs are straight forward and each leg resting on four 2m, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[16] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.
Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed. The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc.
The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.
Lifts
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.
Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track.Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected. But later as no French company was ready to fill a conract or to pull the job, finally Otis Brothers & Company Got the contract in july 1887 and pulled the job.
The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.
Concerns for Improvising External Beauty
The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky. It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown". The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.
A pop-culture movie cliche is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.
More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889. In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors. The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world. An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day.
